Internal Revenue Code · 26 U.S.C.

§ 7428. Declaratory judgments relating to status and classification of organizations under section 501(c)(3), etc.

In force Text current through Public Law 119-121 (October 9, 2026) release point 119-121

Official text, no changes From the Office of the Law Revision Counsel, release point 119-121 (current through Public Law 119-121 (October 9, 2026)). Compare it with the official text at uscode.house.gov (external site).

Cite as 26 U.S.C. § 7428

At a glance

Read from the text, the source credit and the official notes. Not part of the law.

Status: In force
Added: October 4, 1976 by Pub. L. 94–455
Last amended: March 23, 2018 by Pub. L. 115–141
Amendments: 7 dated changes in the source credit
Length: 4 subsections · 1,048 words · about 5 min to read
Cross-references: cites 7; cited by 4 Code sections and 5 other regulations

¶(a) Creation of remedy In a case of actual controversy involving—

¶(1) a determination by the Secretary—

¶(A) with respect to the initial qualification or continuing qualification of an organization as an organization described in section 501(c)(3) which is exempt from tax under section 501(a) or as an organization described in section 170(c)(2),

¶(B) with respect to the initial classification or continuing classification of an organization as a private foundation (as defined in section 509(a)),

¶(C) with respect to the initial classification or continuing classification of an organization as a private operating foundation (as defined in section 4942(j)(3)),

¶(D) with respect to the initial classification or continuing classification of a cooperative as an organization described in section 521(b) which is exempt from tax under section 521(a), or

¶(E) with respect to the initial qualification or continuing qualification of an organization as an organization described in section 501(c) (other than paragraph (3)) or 501(d) and exempt from tax under section 501(a), or

¶(2) a failure by the Secretary to make a determination with respect to an issue referred to in paragraph (1),

upon the filing of an appropriate pleading, the United States Tax Court, the United States Court of Federal Claims, or the district court of the United States for the District of Columbia may make a declaration with respect to such initial qualification or continuing qualification or with respect to such initial classification or continuing classification. Any such declaration shall have the force and effect of a decision of the Tax Court or a final judgment or decree of the district court or the Court of Federal Claims, as the case may be, and shall be reviewable as such. For purposes of this section, a determination with respect to a continuing qualification or continuing classification includes any revocation of or other change in a qualification or classification.

¶(b) Limitations

¶(1) Petitioner

A pleading may be filed under this section only by the organization the qualification or classification of which is at issue.

¶(2) Exhaustion of administrative remedies

A declaratory judgment or decree under this section shall not be issued in any proceeding unless the Tax Court, the Court of Federal Claims, or the district court of the United States for the District of Columbia determines that the organization involved has exhausted administrative remedies available to it within the Internal Revenue Service. An organization requesting the determination of an issue referred to in subsection (a)(1) shall be deemed to have exhausted its administrative remedies with respect to a failure by the Secretary to make a determination with respect to such issue at the expiration of 270 days after the date on which the request for such determination was made if the organization has taken, in a timely manner, all reasonable steps to secure such determination.

¶(3) Time for bringing action

If the Secretary sends by certified or registered mail notice of his determination with respect to an issue referred to in subsection (a)(1) to the organization referred to in paragraph (1), no proceeding may be initiated under this section by such organization unless the pleading is filed before the 91st day after the date of such mailing.

¶(4) Nonapplication for certain revocations

No action may be brought under this section with respect to any revocation of status described in section 6033(j)(1).

¶(c) Validation of certain contributions made during pendency of proceedings

¶(1) In general If—

¶(A) the issue referred to in subsection (a)(1) involves the revocation of a determination that the organization is described in section 170(c)(2),

¶(B) a proceeding under this section is initiated within the time provided by subsection (b)(3), and

¶(C) either—

¶(i) a decision of the Tax Court has become final (within the meaning of section 7481), or

¶(ii) a judgment of the district court of the United States for the District of Columbia has been entered, or

¶(iii) a judgment of the Court of Federal Claims has been entered,

and such decision or judgment, as the case may be, determines that the organization was not described in section 170(c)(2),

then, notwithstanding such decision or judgment, such organization shall be treated as having been described in section 170(c)(2) for purposes of section 170 for the period beginning on the date on which the notice of the revocation was published and ending on the date on which the court first determined in such proceeding that the organization was not described in section 170(c)(2).

¶(2) Limitation Paragraph (1) shall apply only—

¶(A) with respect to individuals, and only to the extent that the aggregate of the contributions made by any individual to or for the use of the organization during the period specified in paragraph (1) does not exceed $1,000 (for this purpose treating a husband and wife as one contributor), and

¶(B) with respect to organizations described in section 170(c)(2) which are exempt from tax under section 501(a) (for this purpose excluding any such organization with respect to which there is pending a proceeding to revoke the determination under section 170(c)(2)).

¶(3) Exception

This subsection shall not apply to any individual who was responsible, in whole or in part, for the activities (or failures to act) on the part of the organization which were the basis for the revocation.

¶(d) Subpoena power for district court for District of Columbia

In any action brought under this section in the district court of the United States for the District of Columbia, a subpoena requiring the attendance of a witness at a trial or hearing may be served at any place in the United States.

(Added Pub. L. 94–455, title XIII, § 1306(a), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1717; amended Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, § 701(dd)(2), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2924; Pub. L. 97–164, title I, § 152, Apr. 2, 1982, 96 Stat. 46; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title X, § 1033(b), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 1039; Pub. L. 108–357, title III, § 317(a), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1470; Pub. L. 109–280, title XII, § 1223(c), Aug. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 1091; Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title IV, § 406(a), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3120; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, § 401(a)(325)(A), (B), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1199, 1200.)

Cross-references

Computed from the citations in the text of Title 26 and 26 CFR.

This section cites 7 other sections

Cited by 4 Code sections

Cited in 5 regulations not issued under it

Amendment history

From the source credit and the official notes, newest first.

March 23, 2018Amended by Pub. L. 115–141Parts changed in 2018: (a) (b)(2)
December 18, 2015Amended by Pub. L. 114–113Parts changed in 2015: (a)(1)(E)
August 17, 2006Amended by Pub. L. 109–280Parts changed in 2006: (b)(4)
October 22, 2004Amended by Pub. L. 108–357Parts changed in 2004: (a)(1)(D)
July 18, 1984Amended by Pub. L. 98–369Parts changed in 1984: (d)
April 2, 1982Amended by Pub. L. 97–164Parts changed in 1982: (a)
November 6, 1978Amended by Pub. L. 95–600Parts changed in 1978: (a)
October 4, 1976Added by Pub. L. 94–455

Where it sits in the Code

Nearby sections

§ 7424 Intervention
§ 7425 Discharge of liens
§ 7426 Civil actions by persons other than taxpayers
§ 7427 Tax return preparers
§ 7428 Declaratory judgments relating to status and classification of organizations under section 501(c)(3), etc.
§ 7429 Review of jeopardy levy or assessment procedures
§ 7430 Awarding of costs and certain fees
§ 7431 Civil damages for unauthorized inspection or disclosure of returns and return information
§ 7432 Civil damages for failure to release lien

Official notes

Show the Law Revision Counsel's notes (amendments, effective dates)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 7428 was renumbered 7437 of this title.

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–141, § 401(a)(325)(B), substituted “or the Court of Federal Claims” for “or the Claims Court” in concluding provisions.

Pub. L. 115–141, § 401(a)(325)(A), substituted “United States Court of Federal Claims” for “United States Claims Court” in concluding provisions.

Subsecs. (b)(2), (c)(1)(C)(iii). Pub. L. 115–141, § 401(a)(325)(B), substituted “Court of Federal Claims” for “Claims Court”.

2015—Subsec. (a)(1)(E). Pub. L. 114–113 added subpar. (E).

2006—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 109–280, which directed addition of par. (4) at the end of section 7428(b), without specifying the act to be amended, was executed by making the addition at the end of subsec. (b) of this section, which is section 7428 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

2004—Subsec. (a)(1)(D). Pub. L. 108–357 added subpar. (D).

1984—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–369 added subsec. (d).

1982—Subsecs. (a), (b)(2), (c)(1)(C)(iii). Pub. L. 97–164 substituted “Claims Court” for “Court of Claims”.

1978—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–600 inserted provision relating to change in qualification or classification.

Effective Date of 2015 Amendment

Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title IV, § 406(b), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3120, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to pleadings filed after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 2015].”

Effective Date of 2006 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 109–280 applicable to notices and returns with respect to annual periods beginning after 2006, see section 1223(f) of Pub. L. 109–280, set out as a note under section 6033 of this title.

Effective Date of 2004 Amendment

Pub. L. 108–357, title III, § 317(b), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1470, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply with respect to pleadings filed after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 2004].”

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–369 applicable with respect to inquiries and examinations beginning after Dec. 31, 1984, see section 1033(d) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as an Effective Date note under section 7611 of this title.

Effective Date of 1982 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 97–164 effective Oct. 1, 1982, see section 402 of Pub. L. 97–164, set out as a note under section 171 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

Effective Date of 1978 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–600 effective as if included in this section at the time section was added to this title, see section 701(dd)(3) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 7476 of this title.

Effective Date

Pub. L. 94–455, title XIII, § 1306(c), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1720, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [enacting this section and amending sections 7451, 7459, 7470, and 7482 of this title, enacting section 1507 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, and amending sections 1346 and 2201 of Title 28] shall apply with respect to pleadings filed with the United States Tax Court, the district court of the United States for the District of Columbia, or the United States Court of Claims more than 6 months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 4, 1976] but only with respect to determinations (or requests for determinations) made after January 1, 1976.”